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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abscess</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical condition. For the death metal band, see <a href="Abscess_(band)" title="Abscess (band)">Abscess (band)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Abscess</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Abscessus</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Five-day-old inflamed epidermal inclusion cyst. The black spot is a <a href="Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> plug that connects with the underlying cyst.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a>, <a href="Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">infectious disease</a>, <a href="Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Redness, pain, swelling<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Rapid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">Bacterial infection</a> (often <a href="MRSA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRSA">MRSA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Intravenous_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use">Intravenous drug use</a><sup id="cite_ref-Langrod2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langrod2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a>, <a href="CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a>, <a href="Sebaceous_cyst" title="Sebaceous cyst">sebaceous cyst</a>, <a href="Necrotising_fasciitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotising fasciitis">necrotising fasciitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Incision_and_drainage" title="Incision and drainage">Incision and drainage</a>, <a href="Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~1% per year (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Taira2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taira2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">
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<p>An <b>abscess</b> is a collection of <a href="Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> that has built up within the <a href="Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-El2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">Carbuncles</a> and <a href="Boil" title="Boil">boils</a> are types of abscess that often involve <a href="Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, with carbuncles being larger.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a> is related to an abscess, but it contains a material other than pus, and a cyst has a clearly defined wall. Abscesses can also form internally on internal organs and after surgery.
</p><p>They are usually caused by a <a href="Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection.<sup id="cite_ref-El2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present are <i><a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin abscesses in particular are overwhelmingly caused by <i>S. aureus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, <a href="Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> can cause abscesses; this is more common in the <a href="Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis of a skin abscess is usually made based on what it looks like and is confirmed by cutting it open.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a> imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In abscesses around the <a href="Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, <a href="Computer_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer tomography">computer tomography</a> (CT) may be important to look for deeper infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to be some benefit from also using <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small amount of evidence supports not packing the cavity that remains with <a href="Gauze_sponge" title="Gauze sponge">gauze</a> after drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closing this cavity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abscess returning.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sucking out the pus with a needle is often not sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include <a href="Intravenous_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use">intravenous drug use</a>, with rates reported as high as 65% among users.<sup id="cite_ref-Langrod2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langrod2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, 3.2 million people went to American emergency departments for abscesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Taira2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taira2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 with the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Vas2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vas2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div>
<p>Abscesses may occur in any kind of tissue but most frequently within the skin surface (where they may be superficial pustules known as <a href="Boil" title="Boil">boils</a> or deep skin abscesses), in the <a href="Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">lungs</a>, <a href="Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">brain</a>, <a href="Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">teeth</a>, kidneys, and tonsils. Major complications may include spreading of the abscess material to adjacent or remote tissues, and extensive regional tissue death (<a href="Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are <a href="Erythema" title="Erythema">redness</a>, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There may also be high temperature (fever) and chills.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_abscess_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_abscess-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If superficial, abscesses may be fluctuant when <a href="Palpation" title="Palpation">palpated</a>; this wave-like motion is caused by movement of the pus inside the abscess.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An internal abscess is more difficult to identify and depends on the location of the abscess and the type of infection. General signs include pain in the affected area, a high temperature, and generally feeling unwell.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Internal abscesses rarely heal themselves, so prompt medical attention is indicated if such an abscess is suspected. An abscess can potentially be fatal depending on where it is located.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>
<p>Risk factors for abscess formation include <a href="Intravenous_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use">intravenous drug use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kha2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kha2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible risk factor is a prior history of disc <a href="Hernia" title="Hernia">herniation</a> or other spinal abnormality,<sup id="cite_ref-Kraeutler2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraeutler2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has not been proven.
</p><p>Abscesses are caused by <a href="Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial infection</a>, parasites, or foreign substances.
Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>. The more invasive <a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></a> (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though it is much rarer.<sup id="cite_ref-Gale1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among spinal subdural abscesses, methicillin-sensitive <i>S. aureus</i> is the most common organism involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraeutler2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraeutler2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Rarely <a href="Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> can cause abscesses, and this is more common in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific parasites known to do this include <a href="Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">dracunculiasis</a> and <a href="Myiasis" title="Myiasis">myiasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> people, and particularly those with <a href="AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>,<i><a href="Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i> is a frequent cause of widespread abscesses throughout the body, including in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_abscess">Skin abscess</h3></div>
<p>An abscess may form anywhere that bacteria can get through the skin, including insect bites, lacerations, puncture wounds, scrapes, IV injection sites, and other small surface-level injuries. The overwhelming majority of skin abscesses are caused by <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> (methicillin-susceptible or <a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant</a>) with some studies showing over 90% of documented and cultured skin abscesses being caused by this organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anorectal_abscess">Anorectal abscess</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Anorectal_abscess" title="Anorectal abscess">Anorectal abscess</a></div>
<p>Anorectal abscesses can be caused by non-specific obstruction and ensuing infection of the glandular crypts inside of the <a href="Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> or <a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. Other causes include <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, trauma, or <a href="Inflammatory_bowel_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory bowel diseases">inflammatory bowel diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-h230_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h230-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incisional_abscess">Incisional abscess</h3></div>
<p>An <i>incisional abscess</i> develops as a complication secondary to a <a href="Surgical_incision" title="Surgical incision">surgical incision</a>. It presents as redness and warmth at the margins of the incision with purulent drainage from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Duff2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the diagnosis is uncertain, the wound should be aspirated with a needle, with aspiration of pus confirming the diagnosis and availing for <a href="Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> and <a href="Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">bacterial culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duff2009_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_abscess">Internal abscess</h3></div>
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<p>Abscesses can form inside the body. The cause can be from trauma, surgery, an infection, or a pre-existing condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div>
<p>An abscess is a buildup of pus surrounded by normal body tissue. In most cases, abscesses are caused by an infectious species of bacteria, and they function to wall off the infection from uninfected tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Organisms or foreign materials destroy the local <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, which results in the release of <a href="Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>. The cytokines trigger an <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory response</a>, which draws large numbers of <a href="White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> to the area and increases the regional blood flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The final structure of the abscess is an abscess wall, or capsule, that is formed by the adjacent healthy cells in an attempt to keep the pus from infecting neighboring structures. However, such encapsulation tends to prevent immune cells from attacking bacteria in the pus, or from reaching the causative organism or foreign object.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A diagram of an abscess</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 277.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 275.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Pyaemia" title="Pyaemia">Pyemic</a> abscesses of a <a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>
<p>An abscess is a localized collection of pus (purulent inflammatory tissue) caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space, lined by the pyogenic membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a> imaging can help in a diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>
<p>Abscesses may be classified as either <i>skin abscesses</i> or <i>internal abscesses</i>. Skin abscesses are common; internal abscesses tend to be harder to diagnose and more serious.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_abscess_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_abscess-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin abscesses are also called cutaneous or subcutaneous abscesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Medline_abscess_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medline_abscess-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IV_drug_use">IV drug use</h3></div>
<p>For those with a history of intravenous drug use, an <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> is recommended before treatment to verify that no needle fragments are present.<sup id="cite_ref-Kha2008_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kha2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is also a fever present in this population, <a href="Infectious_endocarditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious endocarditis">infectious endocarditis</a> should be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Kha2008_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kha2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential">Differential</h3></div>
<p>Abscesses should be differentiated from <a href="Empyema" title="Empyema">empyemas</a>, which are accumulations of pus in a preexisting, rather than a newly formed, anatomical cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include: <a href="Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, a <a href="Sebaceous_cyst" title="Sebaceous cyst">sebaceous cyst</a>, and <a href="Necrotising_fasciitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotising fasciitis">necrotising fasciitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulitis typically also has an erythematous reaction, but does not confer any purulent drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-Duff2009_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>
<p>The standard treatment for an uncomplicated skin or soft tissue abscess is the act of opening and draining.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There does not appear to be any benefit from also using <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small amount of evidence did not find a benefit from packing the abscess with gauze.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incision_and_drainage">Incision and drainage</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Incision_and_drainage" title="Incision and drainage">Incision and drainage</a></div>
<p>The abscess should be inspected to identify if foreign objects are the cause, which may require their removal. If foreign objects are not the cause, incising and draining the abscess is standard treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, a localized injection of <a href="Epinephrine%3B_lidocaine_hydrochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine; lidocaine hydrochloride">lidocaine and epinephrine</a> precedes the incision, to suppress pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h3></div>
<p>Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses, many sites of infection, rapid disease progression, the presence of <a href="Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body, or a health condition causing <a href="Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage, or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain, such as the face, hands, or genitals, then antibiotics may be indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In those cases of abscess which do require antibiotic treatment, <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> bacteria are a common cause and an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as <a href="Flucloxacillin" title="Flucloxacillin">flucloxacillin</a> or <a href="Dicloxacillin" title="Dicloxacillin">dicloxacillin</a> is used. The <a href="Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America" title="Infectious Diseases Society of America">Infectious Diseases Society of America</a> advises that the draining of an abscess is not enough to address community-acquired <a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></a> (MRSA), and in those cases, traditional antibiotics may be ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative antibiotics effective against community-acquired MRSA often include <a href="Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>, <a href="Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a>, <a href="Minocycline" title="Minocycline">minocycline</a>, and <a href="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a> advises that typical cases of abscess from MRSA get no benefit from having antibiotic treatment in addition to the standard treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Culturing the wound</a> is not needed if standard follow-up care can be provided after the incision and drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing a wound culture is unnecessary because it rarely gives information that can be used to guide treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packing">Packing</h3></div>
<p>In North America, after drainage, an abscess cavity is usually packed, often with special iodoform-treated cloth. This is done to absorb and neutralize any remaining exudate as well as to promote draining and prevent premature closure. Prolonged draining is thought to promote healing. The hypothesis is that though the heart's pumping action can deliver immune and regenerative cells to the edge of an injury, an abscess is by definition a void in which no blood vessels are present. Packing is thought to provide a wicking action that continuously draws beneficial factors and cells from the body into the void that must be healed. Discharge is then absorbed by cutaneous bandages, and further wicking is promoted by changing these bandages regularly. However, evidence from emergency medicine literature reports that packing wounds after draining, especially smaller wounds, causes pain to the person and does not decrease the rate of recurrence, nor bring faster healing, or fewer physician visits.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loop_drainage">Loop drainage</h3></div>
<p>More recently, several North American hospitals have opted for less-invasive loop drainage over standard drainage and wound packing. In one study of 143 pediatric outcomes, a failure rate of 1.4% was reported in the loop group versus 10.5% in the packing group (P<.030),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a separate study reported a 5.5% failure rate among the loop group.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_closure">Primary closure</h3></div>
<p>Closing an abscess immediately after draining it appears to speed healing without increasing the risk of recurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may not apply to anorectal abscesses, as while they may heal faster, there may be a higher rate of recurrence than those left open.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6397949_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6397949-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appendiceal_abscess">Appendiceal abscess</h3></div>
<p>Appendiceal abscesses are complications of appendicitis, where there is an infected mass on the appendix. This condition is estimated to occur in 2–10% of appendicitis cases and is usually treated by surgical removal of the appendix (appendicectomy).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div>
<p>Even without treatment, skin abscesses rarely result in death, as they will naturally break through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen2014Chp137_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen2014Chp137-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of abscesses are more dangerous. Brain abscesses may be fatal if untreated. When treated, the mortality rate reduces to 5–10%, but is higher if the abscess ruptures.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>
<p>Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2014_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include <a href="Intravenous_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use">intravenous drug use</a>, with rates reported as high as 65% among users.<sup id="cite_ref-Langrod2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langrod2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, in the United States, 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess.<sup id="cite_ref-Taira2009_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taira2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 for the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Vas2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vas2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div>
<p>The <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> medical <a href="Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> "<i><a href="Ubi_pus%2C_ibi_evacua" title="Ubi pus, ibi evacua">ubi pus, ibi evacua</a></i>" expresses "where there is pus, there evacuate it" and is classical advice in the culture of Western medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Needle_exchange_programmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange programmes">Needle exchange programmes</a> often administer or provide referrals for abscess treatment to <a href="Injection_drug_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection drug users">injection drug users</a> as part of a <a href="Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> public health strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div>
<p>An abscess is so called "abscess" because there is an <i>abscessus</i> (a going away or departure) of portions of the animal tissue from each other to make room for the suppurated matter lodged between them.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The word carbuncle is believed to have originated from the Latin: <i>carbunculus</i>, originally a small coal; diminutive of <i>carbon-</i>, <i>carbo</i>: charcoal or ember, but also a <a href="Carbuncle_(gemstone)" title="Carbuncle (gemstone)">carbuncle stone</a>, "precious stones of a red or fiery colour", usually <a href="Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types">Other types</h2></div>
<p>The following types of abscess are listed in the medical dictionary:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<ul><li>acute abscess</li>
<li><a href="Alveolar_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar abscess">alveolar abscess</a></li>
<li>amebic abscess</li>
<li>apical abscess</li>
<li>appendiceal abscess</li>
<li><a href="Bartholin_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholin abscess">Bartholin abscess</a></li>
<li>Bezold abscess</li>
<li>bicameral abscess</li>
<li>bone abscess</li>
<li><a href="Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">brain abscess</a></li>
<li><a href="Brodie_abscess" title="Brodie abscess">Brodie abscess</a></li>
<li>bursal abscess</li>
<li>caseous abscess</li>
<li><a href="Caseous_lymphadenitis" title="Caseous lymphadenitis">caseous lymphadenitis</a></li>
<li>cheesy abscess</li>
<li>cholangitic abscess</li>
<li>chronic abscess</li>
<li><a href="Collar_stud_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stud abscess">collar stud abscess</a></li>
<li><a href="Cold_abscess" title="Cold abscess">cold abscess</a></li>
<li>crypt abscesses</li>
<li><a href="Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">dental abscess</a>
<ul><li>periapical abscess</li>
<li><a href="Periodontal_abscess" title="Periodontal abscess">periodontal abscess</a>
<ul><li>apical periodontal abscess</li>
<li>lateral periodontal abscess</li>
<li>root abscess</li></ul></li>
<li>gingival abscess</li>
<li>lateral alveolar abscess</li>
<li><a href="Pericoronitis" title="Pericoronitis">pericoronal abscess</a></li>
<li><a href="Combined_periodontic-endodontic_lesions" title="Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions">combined periodontic-endodontic abscess</a></li></ul></li>
<li>diffuse abscess</li>
<li>Douglas abscess</li>
<li>dry abscess</li>
<li><a href="Abscess_of_thymus" title="Abscess of thymus">Dubois abscesses</a></li>
<li>embolic abscess</li>
<li>fecal abscess</li>
<li>follicular abscess</li>
<li>gas abscess</li>
<li>gravitation abscess</li>
<li>gummatous abscess</li>
<li><a href="Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a></li>
<li>hematogenous abscess</li>
<li>hot abscess</li>
<li>hypostatic abscess</li>
<li>ischiorectal abscess</li>
<li>mastoid abscess</li>
<li>metastatic abscess</li>
<li>migrating abscess</li>
<li>miliary abscess</li>
<li>Munro abscess</li>
<li>orbital abscess</li>
<li><a href="Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">otitic abscess</a></li>
<li>palatal abscess</li>
<li><a href="Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">pancreatic abscess</a></li>
<li>parafrenal abscess</li>
<li>parametric abscess</li>
<li>parapharyngeal abscess</li>
<li>parotid</li>
<li>Pautrier</li>
<li><a href="Pelvic_abscess" title="Pelvic abscess">Pelvic abscess</a></li>
<li>perforating</li>
<li>periappendiceal</li>
<li>periarticular</li>
<li>pericemental</li>
<li>perinephric abscess</li>
<li>perirectal</li>
<li><a href="Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">peritonsillar abscess</a></li>
<li>periureteral abscess</li>
<li>phlegmonous abscess</li>
<li>Pott abscess</li>
<li>premammary abscess (including <a href="Subareolar_abscess" title="Subareolar abscess">subareolar abscess</a>)</li>
<li>psoas abscess</li>
<li>pulp abscess</li>
<li>pyemic abscess</li>
<li>radicular abscess</li>
<li>residual abscess</li>
<li>retrobulbar abscess</li>
<li>retrocecal abscess</li>
<li><a href="Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">retropharyngeal abscess</a></li>
<li>ring abscess</li>
<li>satellite abscess</li>
<li>septicemic abscess</li>
<li>stellate abscess</li>
<li>stercoral abscess</li>
<li>sterile abscess</li>
<li>stitch abscess</li>
<li>subdiaphragmatic abscess</li>
<li>subepidermal abscess</li>
<li><a href="Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">subhepatic abscess</a></li>
<li>subperiosteal abscess</li>
<li>subphrenic abscess</li>
<li>subungual abscess</li>
<li>sudoriferous abscess</li>
<li>suture abscess</li>
<li>thymic abscesses</li>
<li>Tornwaldt abscess</li>
<li>tropical abscess</li>
<li><a href="Tubo-ovarian_abscess" title="Tubo-ovarian abscess">tubo-ovarian abscess</a></li>
<li>verminous abscess</li>
<li>wandering abscess</li>
<li>worm abscess</li></ul></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collier's New Encyclopedia, 'Abscess'.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, "Carbuncle": 1 stone, 3 medical</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/medical_dictionary/a_adaxial.html#abscess">"Abscess"</a>. <i>Medical Dictionary – Dictionary of Medicine and Human Biology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205032049/http://www.theodora.com/medical_dictionary/a_adaxial.html#abscess">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-24</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/abscess" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/abscess">abscess</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abscesses" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Abscesses">Abscesses</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><i><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001353.htm">Abscess</a></li>
<li><i><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000863.htm">Skin Abscess</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abscess"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abscess">"Abscess" </a></span>. <i><a href="Collier's_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite></li>
<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abscess"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abscess">"Abscess" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/abscess.html">"Abscess"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164655" class="extiw external" title="d:Q164655">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#46117627">1B75</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L02">L02</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=682.9">682.9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=324.1">324.1</a></li><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000038">D000038</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001353.htm">001353</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</style><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li>
<li><a href="Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li>
<li><a href="Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li>
<li><a href="Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li>
<li><a href="Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li>
<li><a href="Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li>
<li><a href="Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li>
<li><a href="Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li>
<li><a href="Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and<br>subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li>
<li><a href="Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li>
<li><a href="Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li>
<li><a href="Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li>
<li><a href="Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaposi's_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li>
<li><a href="Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li>
<li><a href="Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With<br> epidermal<br> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li>
<li><a href="Darier's_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li>
<li><a href="Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li>
<li><a href="Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li>
<li>Tinea (<a href="Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li>
<li><a href="Athlete's_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li>
<li><a href="Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li>
<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li>
<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>
<li><a href="Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li>
<li><a href="Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li>
<li><a href="Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li>
<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li>
<li><a href="Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li>
<li><a href="Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li>
<li><a href="Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li>
<li><a href="Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li>
<li><a href="Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li>
<li><a href="Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li>
<li><a href="Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li>
<li><a href="Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li>
<li><a href="Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li>
<li><a href="Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li>
<li><a href="Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li>
<li><a href="Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without<br> epidermal<br> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable<br> <a href="Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li>
<li><a href="Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li>
<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li>
<li><a href="Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li>
<li>Erythema (<a href="Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable<br> Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li>
<li><a href="Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li>
<li><a href="Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li>
<li><a href="Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<br> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li>
<li><a href="Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li>
<li><a href="Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li>
<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li>
<li><a href="Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li>
<li><a href="Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous<br> membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li>
<li><a href="Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li>
<li><a href="Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li>
<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li>
<li><a href="Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bacterial_skin_disease131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bacterial_skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial skin disease">Bacterial skin disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Gram +ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Cutaneous_group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection">Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Streptococcal_intertrigo" title="Streptococcal intertrigo">Streptococcal intertrigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a> / <a href="Chronic_recurrent_erysipelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic recurrent erysipelas">Chronic recurrent erysipelas</a></li>
<li><a href="Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Erythrasma" title="Erythrasma">Erythrasma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li>
<li><a href="Dermatitis_gangrenosa" title="Dermatitis gangrenosa">Dermatitis gangrenosa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Erysipeloid_of_Rosenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysipeloid of Rosenbach">Erysipeloid of Rosenbach</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Mycobacterium-<br>related</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a></li>
<li><a href="Borderline_lepromatous_leprosy" title="Borderline lepromatous leprosy">Borderline lepromatous leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Borderline_leprosy" title="Borderline leprosy">Borderline leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Borderline_tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Borderline tuberculoid leprosy">Borderline tuberculoid leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a></li>
<li><a href="Erythema_induratum" title="Erythema induratum">Erythema induratum</a></li>
<li><a href="Histoid_leprosy" title="Histoid leprosy">Histoid leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Lepromatous_leprosy" title="Lepromatous leprosy">Lepromatous leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li>
<li><a href="Lichen_scrofulosorum" title="Lichen scrofulosorum">Lichen scrofulosorum</a></li>
<li><a href="Lupus_vulgaris" title="Lupus vulgaris">Lupus vulgaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Miliary_tuberculosis" title="Miliary tuberculosis">Miliary tuberculosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycobacterium_avium-intracellulare_complex_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection"><i>Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycobacterium_haemophilum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium haemophilum infection"><i>Mycobacterium haemophilum</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Mycobacterium_kansasii_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium kansasii infection"><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Papulonecrotic_tuberculid" title="Papulonecrotic tuberculid">Papulonecrotic tuberculid</a></li>
<li><a href="Primary_inoculation_tuberculosis" title="Primary inoculation tuberculosis">Primary inoculation tuberculosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_growing_mycobacterium_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid growing mycobacterium infection">Rapid growing mycobacterium infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrofuloderma" title="Scrofuloderma">Scrofuloderma</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberculosis_cutis_orificialis" title="Tuberculosis cutis orificialis">Tuberculosis cutis orificialis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberculosis_verrucosa_cutis" title="Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis">Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberculous_cellulitis" title="Tuberculous cellulitis">Tuberculous cellulitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberculous_gumma" title="Tuberculous gumma">Tuberculous gumma</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuberculoid_leprosy" title="Tuberculoid leprosy">Tuberculoid leprosy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cutaneous_actinomycosis" title="Cutaneous actinomycosis">Cutaneous actinomycosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Nocardiosis" title="Nocardiosis">Nocardiosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Cutaneous_diphtheria_infection" title="Cutaneous diphtheria infection">Cutaneous diphtheria infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Arcanobacterium_haemolyticum_infection" title="Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection"><i>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Group_JK_corynebacterium_sepsis" title="Group JK corynebacterium sepsis">Group JK corynebacterium sepsis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram -ve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Endemic_typhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic typhus">Endemic typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li>
<li><a href="Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li>
<li><a href="African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li>
<li><a href="American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li>
<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_granulocytotropic_anaplasmosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediterranean_spotted_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean spotted fever">Mediterranean spotted fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li>
<li><a href="Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Oroya_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroya fever">Oroya fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Gonococcemia" title="Gonococcemia">Gonococcemia</a>/<a href="Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a>/<a href="Primary_gonococcal_dermatitis" title="Primary gonococcal dermatitis">Primary gonococcal dermatitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Cutaneous_Pasteurella_hemolytica_infection" title="Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection">Cutaneous <i>Pasteurella hemolytica</i> infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Meningococcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcemia">Meningococcemia</a></li>
<li><a href="Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li>
<li><a href="Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gamma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a></li>
<li><a href="Haemophilus_influenzae_cellulitis" title="Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> cellulitis</a></li>
<li><span class="wrap"><a href="Pseudomonal_pyoderma" title="Pseudomonal pyoderma">Pseudomonal pyoderma</a> / <a href="Pseudomonas_hot-foot_syndrome" title="Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome"><i>Pseudomonas</i> hot-foot syndrome</a> / <a href="Hot_tub_folliculitis" title="Hot tub folliculitis">Hot tub folliculitis</a> / <a href="Ecthyma_gangrenosum" title="Ecthyma gangrenosum">Ecthyma gangrenosum</a> / <a href="Green_nail_syndrome" title="Green nail syndrome">Green nail syndrome</a> </span></li>
<li><a href="Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li>
<li><a href="Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li>
<li><a href="Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li>
<li><a href="Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Syphilid" title="Syphilid">Syphilid</a></li>
<li><a href="Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li>
<li><a href="Chancre" title="Chancre">Chancre</a></li>
<li><a href="Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a></li>
<li><a href="Pinta_(disease)" title="Pinta (disease)">Pinta</a></li>
<li><a href="Bejel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejel">Bejel</a></li>
<li><a href="Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia infection</a></li>
<li><a href="Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Rat-bite_fever" title="Rat-bite fever">Rat-bite fever</a></li>
<li><a href="Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Lymphogranuloma_venereum" title="Lymphogranuloma venereum">Lymphogranuloma venereum</a></li>
<li><a href="Gram-negative_folliculitis" title="Gram-negative folliculitis">Gram-negative folliculitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Gram-negative_toe_web_infection" title="Gram-negative toe web infection">Gram-negative toe web infection</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unspecified <br> pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>
<ul><li><a href="Periapical_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapical abscess">Periapical abscess</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Boil" title="Boil">Boil/furuncle</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hospital_furunculosis" title="Hospital furunculosis">Hospital furunculosis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Carbuncle" title="Carbuncle">Carbuncle</a></li>
<li><a href="Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a> / <a href="Pyogenic_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic paronychia">Pyogenic paronychia</a></li>
<li><a href="Perianal_cellulitis" title="Perianal cellulitis">Perianal cellulitis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Acute lymphadenitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Pilonidal_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilonidal cyst">Pilonidal cyst</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyoderma" title="Pyoderma">Pyoderma</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Superficial_pustular_folliculitis" title="Superficial pustular folliculitis">Superficial pustular folliculitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Sycosis_vulgaris" title="Sycosis vulgaris">Sycosis vulgaris</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pimple" title="Pimple">Pimple</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecthyma" title="Ecthyma">Ecthyma</a></li>
<li><a href="Pitted_keratolysis" title="Pitted keratolysis">Pitted keratolysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Trichomycosis_axillaris" title="Trichomycosis axillaris">Trichomycosis axillaris</a></li>
<li><a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chronic_undermining_burrowing_ulcer" title="Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer">Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer</a></li>
<li><a href="Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Elephantiasis_nostras" title="Elephantiasis nostras">Elephantiasis nostras</a></li>
<li><a href="Blistering_distal_dactylitis" title="Blistering distal dactylitis">Blistering distal dactylitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Botryomycosis" title="Botryomycosis">Botryomycosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyomyositis" title="Pyomyositis">Pyomyositis</a></li>
<li><a href="Blastomycosis-like_pyoderma" title="Blastomycosis-like pyoderma">Blastomycosis-like pyoderma</a></li>
<li><a href="Bullous_impetigo" title="Bullous impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li>
<li><a href="Chronic_lymphangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic lymphangitis">Chronic lymphangitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Recurrent_toxin-mediated_perineal_erythema" title="Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema">Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</a></li>
<li><a href="Tick-borne_lymphadenopathy" title="Tick-borne lymphadenopathy">Tick-borne lymphadenopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Tropical_ulcer" title="Tropical ulcer">Tropical ulcer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164655#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164655#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137515-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000225">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120434619">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120434619">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568732">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="abscesy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph921522&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000000029">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292964005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/2a701230-56b1-4d40-af20-efebb6b30ae5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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